Mac Cosmetic Marketing Planning Essay - 2751 Words

Marketing Planning Report Introduction This report will be based on the organisation ‘MAC Cosmetics’. This report will cover recommendations to improve competitiveness of the company as well as looking over the current environment. To accomplish this a detailed PEST and SWOT analysis will be carried out and analysed. The identification of current target segments for the company will also be carried out and a marketing mix analysis will also be undertaken to see which elements of the mix are most relevant towards the identified target segments. PEST amp; SWOT Analysis Political Tax policies – MAC cosmetics is now sold in more than over 57 countries worldwide so shipping of products will need to be taken into account because of tax†¦show more content†¦More sale offers could possibly be undertaken. Opportunities Fashion World - MAC Cosmetics is known for participating in the latest fashions shows/weeks. This is a big opportunity for the company as this is one of the ways of bringing in customers because of the aspiring fashion teens and celebrities. (www.psfk.com) Threats Competition – MACs competitors are companies such as Bobbi Brown, Benefit and Estee Lauder. MAC is a step ahead as it has it’s celebrity background and numerous awareness programs but these companies could be a nearby threat for MAC. Current Target Segments Demographic/socio-economic segmentation MAC Cosmetics most definitely target the demographic/socio-economic market to the fullest. MAC Cosmetics is a dynamic company which is created for everyone. Rich and poor, old or young, conservative or trendy and even for males and females. MAC Cosmetics have fulfilled this by carrying their ‘All Ages, All Races, All Sexes’ statement across. Although MAC does cater for male and female their female consumers are number one priority. They target all females from different ages from teens to young women to mothers etc. This is done by all the different lines of make-up they have under MAC. There’s the Barbie colour line and there’s a Viva Glam line both very different both for different audiences. The Barbie line, justShow MoreRelatedMac Cosmetics : A Canadian Company1637 Words   |  7 PagesMAC Cosmetics is originally a Canadian company that spread its routes successfully to many countries all over the world promoting equality,† All ages, all races, a ll sexes, all MAC,† this is the motto of one of the largest growing luxury cosmetics brands in the world. For MAC artists and MAC customers this motto is followed religiously, it is truly what drives this company which pushes for equality and strives to let no one feel excluded. MAC was started in 1984 by, Frank Tosken a makeup artist andRead MoreMac Cosmetics1941 Words   |  8 PagesMAC (Makeup Art Cosmetics) is originally a Canadian company that have been operating for more than 20 years and it has already penetrate to many countries all around the world, in the North and South America at most. It sells brand cosmetics of high quality that is intended for professional as well as everyday usage. The brand is sought-after also by many celebrities, fashion models, and photographers because of its delicate texture, huge choice of colors, and durability. The products are usuallyRead MoreMarketing Paper - MAC Cosmetics - Product Place Strategy10696 Words   |  43 PagesMKTG 2 00 Paper #2 – Product Survey Founded by Frank  Toskan  of Canada in 1984, Makeup Art Cosmetics company is one of the few companies which has used innovative PR and unconventional marketing to create a niche for itself without spending millions of pounds in advertising. The company began by giving away their cosmetics to makeup artists that worked with top models and actresses.  MAC  developed products that helped artists achieve the right look for stage lighting conditions. It is oneRead MoreWhat Makes Mac Cosmetics?1854 Words   |  8 PagesAll ages, all races, all sexes, all MAC. This is the motto for one of the fastest growing cosmetics brands in the world, MAC Cosmetics. For MAC artists and MAC customers this motto is not just words it is truly what drives the culture of this amazing Company. At any given time you will find grandmothers shopping for color with their granddaughters. Isn t that an amazing and wonderful concept? As you read further you will see why MAC is such a unique entity in this well established industryRead MoreCompany Overview : Ä’ E Lauder Company Inc.2133 Words   |  9 Pages2016). Company History After years of developing and selling her cosmetics products in New York beauty salons, EstÄ“e Lauder incorporated in 1946. With the help of her husband Lauder hit the ground running, offering only 4 products at the time. The couple produced the cosmetics in the kitchen of a former restaurant. The following year, the company landed their first department store order. Saks Fifth Avenue ordered $800 in cosmetics, which sold out in two days (Editors, 2015). EstÄ“e Lauder CompaniesRead MoreEstee Lauder Inc.9371 Words   |  38 Pagesguidelines, products claiming to offer medical benefits or physiological effects were over-the counter (OTC) drugs. If FDA deemed a cosmetic product to be an OTC drug, it was regulated as a new drug. The manufacturer was then required to demonstrate product safety and efficiency to gain FDA approval. Furthermore, even though FDA does not require testing of cosmetics, the agency has notified manufacturers that it would start to enforce labeling tha t included the statement â€Å"Warning—the safety of thisRead MoreMarketing Organic Cosmetics2693 Words   |  11 Pagesand natural cosmetics in the $270 billion global cosmetic market is growing at a fast pace.† As people are becoming more and more conscious of the negative side effects of extended use and exposure to chemical cosmetics so too has the cosmetics industry. Cosmetics normally use aromatic hydrocarbons that are derived from petroleum which have been proven to show long term side effects on the skin. While the idea of organic cosmetics is not new a company as well known as M.A.C. Cosmetics has not yetRead MoreThe Cosmetics Market And Its Success3599 Words   |  15 Pages The modern cosmetics industry has used these psychological ideas to help facilitate its empire today. However, much, if not all, of the cosmetics market and its success is due in part of the expanding marketing base that has been seen around the world. Marketing pioneers have helped uncover the fears of women and what it is they look for in certain cosmetics to stay a ‘beautiful’ person. This essay holds personal meaning and holds significance because the marketing of cosmetics is prevalentRead MoreLOreal Marketing Plan3392 Words   |  14 Pages1. Executive Summary This is an analytical approach which is required for preparing the marketing plan for The Elvive – total repair hair shampoo. It is manufactured by L’Oreal which is world’s leading cosmetic producer. It says 5 problems 1 solution. The 5 problems include anti-damage, anti-thinning, anti-split ends, anti-brittleness and anti-dulness. This product is L’Oreal first total repair for damaged hair. The Elvive – total hair repair is a shampoo manufactured by L’Oreal Private LimitedRead MoreSteve Jobs Leadership Style and Analysis1645 Words   |  7 PagesWhether you loved Steve Jobs or hated him, whether you are a Mac or a PC user, whether you are an iPhone or an Android owner, there is one thing that there’s little doubt about: Steve Jobs was an amazing leader who expected and got the most out of those who worked for him. With his recent passing and the release of his biography, other leaders have gotten a chance to take a closer look at how Steve Jobs lived, thought, and ran his company. It’s an interesting opportunity to look at the inner workings

Obamacare And The Affordable Care Act - 1061 Words

The Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare or ACA, is the health reform law enacted in 2010 by Congress. The official name of this reform is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Many provisions of the law are already in effect and the rest are going to continue to develop until 2022. After a year of intense political wrangling, the health reform initiative was passed by Congress. Even though it falls short of providing universal coverage, it is unlike the Clinton proposal. The Affordable Care Act was intended to expand US citizens’ and legal residents’ access to health insurance coverage, control future costs, and improve the functioning of the healthcare delivery system. It improves access to care and balances spending through regulations and taxes. Healthcare has always been a crisis in the US and the Affordable Care Act contains hundreds of different provisions that address these aspects. The Affordable Care Act increases the quality of health insura nce at an affordable price so all Americans can have access to it. In exchange, most people who can afford to obtain health coverage must by 2014 or pay a per month fee. The ACA offers Americans a number of new benefits. It sets up a Health Insurance Marketplace where we can purchase federally regulated and subsidized Health Insurance during open enrollment. It expands Medicaid to all adults in many states, as well as improving Medicare for seniors and those with long term disabilities. Obamacare expandsShow MoreRelatedObamacare And Affordable Care Act930 Words   |  4 Pagesfunctions. Obama’s Health Care Reform, better known as ObamaCare was signed into law on March 23, 2010. It is officially called the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) or Affordable Care Act (ACA). This act is meant to provide affordable, good quality health care to all Americans and to cut health care spending. The ACA has been on ongoing struggle to reform the health care system. Almost 50 million Americans still lack health coverage despite the fact that ObamaCare continues to help provideRead MoreObamacare : The Affordable Care Act1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe Affordable Care Act, otherwise known as Obamacare, was passed in March 2010. This over-1000-page Act implements a number of reforms designed to increase the availability of health care for individuals. The Act created a Health Insurance Marketplace, a universal way to sign up for subsidized health care plans (which are cheaper), though you can only get certain plans from certain places, including an expanded Med icaid. It also creates an incentive to purchase health insurance-if you don t, youRead MoreObamacare And The Affordable Care Act1028 Words   |  5 PagesThe Affordable Care Act was created to make an attempt to reduce the amount we pay for healthcare. â€Å"Healthcare premiums were too expensive for many families to afford,† is a common issue among citizens today, and we have come to the conclusion that Obamacare can help reduce that amount. Ever since this has been put in place, many Americans deny this, but it says that even if you aren’t 100 percent healthy it will still cover you, unlike regular healthcare premiums opposed that. Another benefit thatRead MoreObamacare And Affordable Care Act Essay1564 Words   |  7 PagesPatient Protection and Affordable Care Act expanded the 1965 bill passed under President Johnson that created Medicare and Medicaid (â€Å"LBJ Presidential Library,† 2015). While the Affordable Care Act, or â€Å"Obamacare† as it h as been dubbed by the media, has many components, the focus here is the expansion of Medicaid. Obamacare sought to expand Medicaid to cover those who earn too much to qualify for traditional Medicaid, but not enough to afford employer-provided health care. These people are said toRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act: Obamacare1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe Affordable Care Act, often referred to as the ObamaCare was signed into law on March 23, 2010. It has created a lot of controversy since its debut. The Healthcare reform will affect all Americans. The issue has many Americans believing it is a great thing for our country while others believe it is a terrible idea and then of course there are those who don’t know what to think. By Jan 1, 2014 Americans will be required to purchase a health care policy or will have to pay a penalty. Ready or notRead MoreObamacare And Affordable Care Act997 Words   |  4 PagesWhite Professor Eastman English 1020 29 January 2015 Obamacare’s Healthier America Health care has been a controversial topic of discussion for all Americans since it was put in effect many years ago. Currently the biggest debate of Healthcare up to date is Obama’s Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, is a Health care Reform that is a governmental attempt to make basic health care easily obtainable. However, there are no benefits without cost in situations like this,Read MoreObamacare And Affordable Care Act928 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States, Barack Obama, signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), which is commonly called the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or familiarly the Obamacare (What is ObamaCare). President Obama created ACA to make health care more affordable and accessible for people in the United States. The Affordable Care Act guarantees most people will have health insurances as well as reduces the high cost of health care of individual and government. These are also two points that th e ACARead MoreObamacare : The Affordable Care Act1507 Words   |  7 Pageshealth care coverage for all; and that is called The Affordable Care Act ( ACA)1 or also known as Obamacare. This program provides standardized medical expenses/procedures to be made and allows everyone -- who is eligible -- to have coverage. However, I think that we need to take in account how Obamacare is negatively impacting the lower class, middle class, and upper class; therefore, we should remove it. This law became effective on March 23, 2010 (Key Features of The Affordable Care Act). ObamacareRead MoreObamacare Or Affordable Care Act893 Words   |  4 PagesObamacare or Affordable care act (ACA) refers to the healthcare act introduced by President Obama in 2010 and represents one of the significant healthcare reforms since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. The primary purpose of the reform was to increase the quality and affordability of health insurance, expand the reach of insurance, a nd reduce the costs of healthcare for both individuals and government. First, we will analyze the merits and disadvantages of Obamacare – PROS 1. CurrentlyRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare )1604 Words   |  7 Pages Ever since Barack Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) into law in 2010, it has been met by criticism from many people from many different ideologies. Although the law held promise for allowing all individuals to afford healthcare and all of its benefits, that is not to say it does not have its downsides. Since passing, both the conservative and democratic parties have found reasons to dislike the law. This essay will include a description of the law itself, criticisms from the two parties

What It Means to Be Human Free Essays

Final Essay â€Å"The purpose of human life is to love and serve others and to be loved and served by them. † Dr. Dallas Willard, Ohio State University Of the many mysteries that surprise and delight us, surely the process by which a human being is created is the most common and compelling. We will write a custom essay sample on What It Means to Be Human or any similar topic only for you Order Now But what do we, as human beings, consider a human being to be? Some say a human is â€Å"made in the image and likeness of God,† while others defend the concept that humans came from the soil and will return to the soil when they die. Dignity, a conscience, and free will all seem to play a major role in what creates a human being, as well.This notion is argued back and forth between Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and H. G Wells’ The Time Machine. Shelly intertwines the roles of God and humans, while Wells dehumanizes the way we act in the future. Though we cannot pinpoint an exact definition of what a human being is, we may conclude that the meaning of a human being is constantly changing. The meaning of being human is often questioned and argued over by philosophers and scientists. Some say that humans, in comparison to nonhumans, are self-aware, possess feelings, both mental and physical, and contain flaws that make them imperfect.They are â€Å"made in the image and likeness of God,† (Genesis) to be what God wants to see. In Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, Victor’s monster, a human-like being with his own mind and flaws, is often the center of attention when this â€Å"what is human† argument emerges. This monster, born by the hands of his creator Victor Frankenstein, holds all, if not, most of the characteristics a human being would have. â€Å"I know not; despair had not yet taken possession of me; my feelings were those of rage and revenge. I could with pleasure have destroyed the cottage and its inhabitants, and have glutted myself with their shrieks and misery† (97).This nameless monster is rational, possesses feelings, self-awareness, the ability to communicate out to others, as well as his imperfections. So why not just say that he is human? Because he has one flaw that completely isolates his being from the human race: his birth. Though created with human tissues and having human thoughts, the monster was not conceived by a natural birth. â€Å"CURSED, CURSED creator! Why did I live? Why, in that instant, did I not extinguish the spark of existence which you had so wantonly bestowed? † (97). He was not created from an embryo and pushed out of a woman’s womb.Rather, like Adam and Eve, he was created in the image of his god, Victor Frankenstein. With this, Victor takes over the role of God, and defies God’s rule. He puts life into a being unnaturally, breaking the cycle of life. Abiding this idea, what would we consider Jesus Christ? He was â€Å"born of the Virgin Mary and became man. † But God is the one that gave him to Mary to be born. He was not a creation of sperm and egg, and has no human father. So is his birth considered a natural birth since he came out of a womb? Alongside this, the term â€Å"natural birth† seems to change meanings.Continuing with this concept, what makes of Adam and Eve? Both were not conceived the way every other human is, though they are considered to be the first two humans on the planet. Adam, Eve, and the nameless monster were all created in the image of God. Neither of them were born through a womb, so they mustn’t be considered human without a natural birth. But we see them as starting points to new species. After all, what came first? The chicken or the egg? Looking up the term â€Å"human† in the dictionary doesn’t bring you too far away from the root word.You’ll find meanings like â€Å"a human being,† or â€Å"of pertaining to people,† or â€Å"humane. † So what is humane? Whatever is considered humane seems to depend on what time period someone lives in. For example, before the 1950s, it was humane for a white man to claim superiority over a black man. But now, after the Civil Rights Movement and the precedents established in Brown v. Board of Education, everyone, regardless of race, is guaranteed equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. As we go deeper into the future, humans seem to be progressing rapidly.However, in his novel, The Time Machine, H. G. Wells dehumanizes society, 800,000 years into the future. He creates these human-like figures, known as Eloi, and an ape-like group, Morlocks, that represent the society of the future. In Wells’ imagination, people in the future â€Å"dumb-down,† become cannibalistic, and don’t think clearly. People nowadays are too caught up in the technology around them. They are letting technology take over and run their lives. Is it humane to have a machine plugged into your ears, forcing rhythm and beat into your head?Is it humane to be able to control nature and make it beneficial to ourselves and at the same time, harm the earth? The definition of humane cannot quite be settled to one definition. It is constantly changing as we progress into the future. The exact definition of a human being may be one of the most difficult concepts to understand. Every factor, such as the way one thinks or the type of birth, must be considered. As time progresses, the way we see what a human is, is constantly changing. We may not be able to directly define what a human is, but we can see that the meaning cannot be settled. How to cite What It Means to Be Human, Papers

Expository Writing free essay sample

While growing up I have developing a specific and unique talent, that later will help me to become where I am suppose to be and who I want to be in life. That specific and unique talent that I have develop as a child like most successful artist, is finding a unique way that will help you to get better every day. As an artist it is very important to be looking at the world in a unique way, like the world was a puzzle or code that need to be crack, you are here to find it weaknesses and how it function. When I was seven years old, I seen art as a way to express feeling, emotions and character without being judge by people. It was a way to free your mind lets you thought go wild. As a child growing up in Haiti with much more less art supplies to work with, I became discourage and afraid that I wouldn’t have the chance to express myself in an ingenious way. We will write a custom essay sample on Expository Writing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As day go by I started to have my confident self back and this time with more knowledge on how to better you within yourself. So I find a way to develop my mind everyday and keep it effective, I would draw with pencils and crayons but mostly with pencils, by drawing every day and keeping record on what I drew help me to see how much I grown from the start. At the age of ten years old I was able to draw a clear picture of anybody even though it was not accurate but you could tell that it was that person. My cousin who was a famous artist in my neighborhood encourages me to draw more often. He said I should offer to draw people‘s picture in that way I would get more practice and have a better understanding on what is expected of a artist and also I would be doing a good deed, it is a win, win situation. A couple month later people would ask me if I could draw a picture for them, I did not just draw the picture for them, I believe I made a different in the life of the people around me. The people that knew my work spread the word about me and a person who does not know me, want to know me. Later that year I became popular in my neighborhood along with my cousin.

Traffic Congestion in Sri Lanka Essay Example

Traffic Congestion in Sri Lanka Essay The purpose of this report is to analyse the traffic problem in the Colombo city and to identify the causes of the problem and offer recommendations in improving the traffic system in order to have an effective traffic management in Sri Lanka. In this, the reason for traffic congestion and draw backs of the current system has been identified. A SWOT analysis has been done on the traffic board in order to assess the compatibility of the proposed system. The city of London in England has being selected as the benchmarking country due to its excellent traffic management and transport system. The report provides short term and long term recommendations for the implementation of the most effective system which will help to reduce the Traffic congestion currently experienced in the city of Colombo. 1. Introduction Roads are extremely important for the large majority of Sri Lanka’s people who live in the villages some 65 percent of the country’s population. They are often the only way for most rural people to reach essential services such as hospitals, schools, markets, and banks, which are mostly situated far from their villages. Although Sri Lanka enjoys a higher road density than in many developing countries, the conditions and standards of the roads are inadequate to meet rapidly growing freight and passenger traffic. More than 50% of the national roads have poor or very poor surface condition and many are seriously congested. In spite of the substantial increase in traffic volume there have been insufficient investments for construction of new highways or widening and improving existing roads. Over the past decade the investment in the road sector has been mainly concentrated on the rehabilitation of the existing road network. We will write a custom essay sample on Traffic Congestion in Sri Lanka specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Traffic Congestion in Sri Lanka specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Traffic Congestion in Sri Lanka specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Traffic congestion is the build up of traffic preventing efficient movement and it is one of the most significant problems faced in modern cities today. In every developed city all over the world, it is a common site that vehicles queued up for hours during the rush hour periods. This wastes valuable time of the public, burns fuel unnecessarily, pollutes the environment and by all these effects a country’s development. 2. Discussion 1. Analysis of the current situation In Sri Lanka, all economic, administrative and commercial functions are concentrated in Colombo. Furthermore Colombo is easily the largest city in the country and is offering better education and health facilities for the citizens. Furthermore it’s political and commercial significance results in a greater attraction of the city for people from the rest of the country further aggravating the traffic problem in the country’s capital. Though the number of people entering Colombo during the past decade had dropped, the number of vehicles has increased which shows that people have shifted from public transportation to public vehicles. According to estimates Colombo is attracting 1. million people on weekdays. These people are coming to the city for various purposes including employment, for commercial activities, attend educational institutions, attend medical requirements etc. Whilst 1. 1 million of the people arrive in Colombo using public transport the rest 500,000 people are using about 240,000 private vehicles. (http://www. buildsrilanka. com) This is in addition to the vehicles used by the Colombo’s residents most of whom are from the country’s richer community and most of the time can afford to have their own transport. The recent reduction in import duties of vehicles will further increase the buying power of cars and will result in more vehicles being flooded to the Colombo city. 2. Gap Analysis Several reasons contribute to the current traffic problems in Colombo. This includes the huge number of vehicles entering Colombo, shortage of parking areas, Inadequate facilities for pedestrians, vehicles parked on busy roads even during the morning and afternoon rush hours and finally the fact of public transport facilities is far from being good etc. All these factors contribute to the slowing down of the average speed of the vehicles travelling in Colombo and eventually slow down the speed of the economic growth of Sri Lanka. National highways, which are mostly two-lane, are unable to carry the current volume of mixed traffic (pedestrians, bikes, bullock-pulled-vehicles and motor vehicles). This, together with the lack of side lanes and paved shoulders, leads to uncontrolled development of roadsides and causes low travel speeds, poor level of service, and less long-distance traffic. 3. SWOT analysis Strengths Sri Lanka’s  literacy rate is high compared to other Asian nations and it will be easy to introduce and implement traffic rules. ? More money can be invested as the expenditure on war, can be minimised now that the war is over. ? Sri Lanka has been identified as investment hub, so lot foreign investors are interested in investing in SL. ? One of the main objectives of the present  government  is to develop  i nfrastructure Weaknesses ? Disobedient and careless drivers contributes to the traffic congestion. ? Inadequate public transport system to substitute the private transport. Lack of technology to implement new systems. ? Lack of regard for road rules culture (self first culture) ? Bribery and corruption ? Misallocation of funds ? Shortage of road space Opportunities ? Fewer vehicles on the road will increase the traffic speed. ? Bare lands can be used as car parks Threats ? Corruption by the law enforcement officers ? High level of Union intervention 4. Implications of Traffic congestion Due to the traffic congestion, the movement of vehicles in the Colombo have slowed down resulting in huge losses to businesses. Slow movement of vehicles causes higher running costs for the driver and that is a loss to the national economy as well as the hours spent on the road could have being used for the development on the country. Road transportation in a developing country is considered a vital pre-requisite in economic development. Provision of reliable transport facility for easy mobility of people and goods stimulates economic growth. A recent survey has found that the loss to Sri Lankan economy due to traffic congestion in the Colombo city alone is more than Rs 30 billion per year. This is 2% of the value of entire economic activities in Colombo city. http://www. buildsrilanka. com) The loss to the economy includes fuel wastage and loss of labour. Air pollution is another effect of the traffic congestion. A good road transportation system in the capital will help to improve educational, health and social standards of the people. Also improved transport infrastructure will enhance communication facili ties and improve economic and social standards of the people. [pic] 5. Steps taken by the government As mentioned earlier traffic congestion is always a huge problem for any government and it is obvious that the Sri Lankan government has taken steps to minimise the traffic congestion. Out of these one of the important actions taken by the government is the introduction of the Motor traffic act which has helped to ease the traffic problem to some extent. Some amendments were done to this act and severe penalties were introduced in 2009. This was to bring down the level of accidents as well as vehicles that are not roadworthy entering the Colombo and other cities. 3. Benchmarking Congestion pricing a system successfully adopted by England will be proposed as a solution to the traffic congestion in Colombo. [pic] 1. What is Congestion Pricing? This is a simple economic tool that will both help control congestion on a continuing basis and will also provide a regular, dedicated source of funds for public transportation subsidies. Its greatest proponent is Red Ken a former Labour Party Mayor of London. The congestion charging system that he put in place in 2003, amidst opposition reduced traffic by 20 percent. London no longer appears in the most congested lists. The purpose of congestion pricing is to use price to control congestion. Those who use roads at peak times have to pay for the privilege. Charging brands can be introduced for peak and off peak hours like in Telecom. To use Galle Road from Ratmalana to the Fort Between 7 a. m. and 09 a. m. = 100 rupees Between 9 a. m. and 12 noon = 50 rupees. Between 8 p. m. and 07 a. m. = No charge The money can be invested in a fund for road development and subsidies for public transport; but its primary purpose is to make people take public transport or share vehicles and leave their cars at home, unless essential. Congestion pricing works best when a city has good, but underused, public transport. At the moment Colombo does not. But that does not mean that congestion pricing cannot be used in Colombo. Public transport can be exempted from being charged, so it will be an encouragement for private bus operators and if they are also charged a fee they might take steps to charge it back to the passengers, eventually resulting in some of the passengers going back to driving their private vehicles. The mechanism for charging the congestion price in a way that does not cause additional congestion has to be implemented but congestion pricing will be unpopular at first and cannot be implemented in a matter of months. The key to its success in Sri Lanka is that money that is raised is not wasted and that it is used to create immediately visible improvements in public transport. Also this technique requires the use of information and communication technologies. More than anything, this new policy instrument and its benefits have to be explained over and over again to the people. For that, we need a Red Ken. But it is interesting to see whether we can have a new mayor first and the new mayor will play the role of Red Ken and take Colombo to the same lengths that Red Ken has taken the London city to. . 2 How this will improve traffic movement in Colombo By adopting this strategy it can be expected that the private vehicles entering Colombo will reduce be to 125000 from 175000 by the end of next year. This will improve traffic speed by 50% and the impact of air pollution by half. [pic] 4. Action Plans Since more vehicles will be flooded in to the roads of Colombo in the coming years and the existing n etwork is not even sufficient even to cater the current demands, upgrading, modernising and expanding the transport sector is a must. 4. Short-term measures: Short-term is regarded as a period of less than six (6) months. ? Both near-sides of main roads in many areas in Colombo city and suburbs are not built-up, not tarred and are not laid with pavements. Therefore, the natural tendency of the pedestrian is to walk on the tarred surface of the road, thereby restricting the area meant for vehicular traffic. During the rainy season, matters become worse as both sides of the roads get muddy e. g. High Level Road, Nugegoda-Nawala-Narahenpita Road, Colombo-Kandy Road, Nugegoda-Rajagiriya Road etc. If action could be taken to build-up both sides of such roads and enclose those areas with bold white lines, the road area usable by vehicular traffic without let or hindrance can be increased. However, parking of motor vehicles should not be allowed in such restricted side-walks. ? Pedestrian crossings at regular intervals should be prominently marked and crossing of roads by pedestrians be permitted only at those points. Police should be directed to fine pedestrians who flout this rule. This step would remove one of the artificial impediments created for the free flow of vehicular traffic. All the roads should be properly done-up and maintained regularly devoid of pot-holes and other surface damages that hinder the fast free flow of vehicular traffic. This step will also prevent many road accidents caused due to the dilapidated conditions of the roads. ? The heaviest congestions are created at centre-points such as junctions and main cross-roads. This occurs because omnibuses and l orries haphazardly being parked for longer periods without observing any road rules whatsoever. Furthermore there are some busy roads in the city and suburbs where parking of vehicles on either side of the road in permitted. This arrangement contributes to congestion thus becoming an impediment to the free flow of vehicular traffic. In order to overcome this problem, safe parking lots should be established at major points wherever extra bare land is available. ? The relevant authorities such as local government and Police must immediately remove all encroachments to the pavements by the shopkeepers and hawkers. This step will enable the pedestrians to freely utilize pavements, allowing more unrestricted road space for vehicular traffic. ? The presence of large container vehicles during the daytime between 6. 00 a. m. and 7. 0 p. m. on the already congested roads in the city and suburbs creates not only huge traffic jams but also causes severe accidents at overtaking. Steps have to be taken to prohibit this traffic from the Colombo metropolitan area during the above mentioned times. This is the usual practice followed by many countries in order to ease traffic congestion. ? There are many crossroads in th e city and suburbs where no traffic signals are installed, resulting in unwanted traffic jams being formed causing delays. Hence, action must be taken to install traffic signals at all crossroads in the city and suburbs. 4. Long term strategies: Long term shall extend beyond a period of six months and go up to three years. ? All the roads in the city and suburbs should be planned in advance and constructed with a minimum number of curves, zigzags and detours, etc. , covering a shorter distance thus consuming less land space. Nevertheless, they should be wide enough to allow free flow of vehicular traffic. They must be constructed in such a manner (may be even concreted) requiring minimum regular maintenance and capable of withstanding the vagaries of nature. Wherever possible, more new wider roads should be constructed and use them only as one-way roads. This step would ensure less traffic congestion on major roads and minimize the rate of road accidents. ? The Colombo city and suburbs becomes inundated during the rainy seasons in Sri Lanka constitutes another major reason for the traffic problem. Since rainy seasons seem to get prolonged annually in Sri Lanka, a permanent solution to this problem should be found. With a view to bring about an everlasting solution to this problem, more natural water receptacles and artificial built-in water receptacles in the city and suburbs should be constructed in order to hold excessive supply of water. Sky bridges can be constructed in the metropolitan areas in order to divert fast-moving motor traffic from already congested business centres. But it is assumed that these types of ventures will cost Sri Lanka a colossal amount of financial resources and it is not affordable. All capital cities in Indian states have sky bridges. In developed countries, when a bridge is planned to be built, its wid th is measured as nearly twice that of the existing road. Such pro-action is prevalent in those countries in contrast to Sri Lanka, where even the newly built bridges seem to be narrower than the existing road. Some bridges constructed in Colombo and suburbs many years back create bottle-necks in the free-flow of vehicular traffic, because these bridges are narrower than the respective roads. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, improving the traffic congestion in Colombo is a part and parcel of the total nation economic and social development endeavours of the country. Even though the present traffic situation is accepted and taken for granted, little do we realize that it is one of the main causes to hinder the productivity and the level of efficiency of the country’s economic development. Recommendations such as improving transport and infrastructure facilities and monitoring road rules and regulations are the main drives for change. Apart from this a change of mind set is also necessary to make this project a success. Unless these approaches are followed no future goliath or a patriot will be able turn this tide of destruction taking place at present in the name of development in all spheres. 6. 0 Recommendations After analysing the above facts it is highly recommended to carry out the following tasks in the near future. ? Build up both sides of the damaged roads and regularly maintained. Pedestrian crossings to be marked and strict action against pedestrians who disobey the road rules. ? Steps have to be taken to build parking lots to reduce vehicles parking on the sides of the main roads. ? Installing traffic lights at all the main junctions and regular maintenance of the existing ones. ? Improving the public transport system. Also the following is recommended as l ong term measures. ? All the roads in the city should be properly planned and should be wide enough for the free flow of vehicles. ? Sky bridges should be constructed in the city area. Proper drainage systems to be installed in the city and its suburbs. 6. References Transport Requirement for Colombo. [n. d]. Retrieved from buildsrilanka. com web site: http://www. buildsrilanka. com/cdp/17_Transport%20requirements%20for%20Colombo. htm Philips, R. (2006, August 27). The way out of traffic congestion is not Roadway but Railway. Sunday Observer. Retrieved from http://www. sundayobserver. lk/2006/08/27/fea07. asp Sri Lanka Police Service. [n. d. ]. Retrieved from Sri Lanka Police web site: http://www. police. lk/index. asp Easing the traffic congestion (2009 August), LMD, p. 67

Subordinate Clauses and Commas

Subordinate Clauses and Commas Subordinate Clauses and Commas Subordinate Clauses and Commas By Jacquelyn Landis Writers like to sprinkle their work with subordinate clauses because they add variety to sentence structure. A reading diet too heavy with simple sentences or even compound sentences becomes wearisome quickly. Subordinate clauses- also known as dependent clauses- used skillfully can add complexity and artfulness to writing. A subordinate clause can either precede or follow its main clause. What writers tend to get confused about, however, is when and where to place commas in relation to subordinate clauses. The simple rule is this: If a subordinate clause precedes the main clause, separate the two with a comma: Unless you have a lot of money, steer clear of Rodeo Drive. If the subordinate clause follows the main clause, no comma is usually needed: Steer clear of Rodeo Drive unless you have a lot of money. Many writers wouldnt be able to resist the temptation to stick a comma between Drive and unless even though its not strictly necessary. Theres a natural pause that seems to call for a comma, but try to resist its call unless a pause is needed for special emphasis. One notable exception is when the subordinating conjunction because is used and the main clause expresses a negative concept: Don’t worry about your spelling errors because the editor will fix them. Omitting a comma in this sentence suggests the meaning that there’s another reason not to worry about the spelling errors: Don’t worry about your spelling errors because the editor will fix them; worry about them because you shouldn’t have made them to begin with. So if the real reason you shouldn’t worry about the spelling errors is, in fact, because the editor will fix them, we need a comma: Don’t worry about your spelling errors, because the editor will fix them. Watch out for because in your subordinate clauses. Scrutinize your sentences to make sure youre not clouding the issue and confusing your readers. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Types of RhymeBroadcast vs Broadcasted as Past FormWhen to use "an"

Online learning bibliography Annotated Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online learning - Annotated Bibliography Example For instance, knowledge construction via collaborative discussion is vital since collaboration methods sequence, define, and assign learning activities to distinct learners and can in turn facilitate activities such as construction of arguments during discussions. Leer, R., & Ivanov, S. (2013). Rethinking the future of learning: The possibilities and limitations of technology in education in the 21st century. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 5(4), 14-20. In this article, the author argues that technology is very important in data analysis. By the use of computers, one can assess quantitative data of great magnitude and at a very fast speed much faster than any person can accomplish. Moreover, technology saves on time in data analysis with certain appropriate software in that one can easily analyze data by just entering it in a computer specifying the characteristic to be checked and within no time, the results are ready. Therefore, via online learning, students will be able to access important data at a fast rate and easily. Marchetti, C., & Long, G. (2011). The Importance of Interaction for Academic Success in Online Courses with Hearing, Deaf, and Hard-of-Hearing Students. Retrieved 16 March 2014 from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1015/1952 In this article, the authors state that online learning is rapidly growing because of advancement in technology. The authors argue that online learning is the best method of learning since it gives a student more interaction options. For instance, online learning promotes student-student interaction and student-instructor socialization, which increases quality of information dissemination. Via online learning, students are in a position to talk directly to their teachers and fellow students using discussion forum features and chat messaging of

Custom Chip, Inc Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Custom Chip, Inc - Article Example Workflow in this company begins with the marketing department. This department collects orders from the customers with detailed specifications of customer needs. After the collection of orders, the work is sent to the engineering department that designs the approach to be used to meet customer’s specifications. The engineering department then sends the work to the production department that undertakes the process of producing the items ordered by customers. In case of any issue in production, the production supervisor is supposed to call the product engineer for guidelines. The workflow process for this company has been lengthy. This has made it to cause delays in the delivery of orders. Moreover, it has been costly thus resulting to high costs of production and ineffective thus resulting to low level of production. Several modifications in the workflow require to be done in order to overcome its ineffectiveness. One of the modifications that could assist is integrating the departments of this organization in the production process. To integrate the departments, the company should make the production process to be a multidisciplinary teamwork. In this kind of approach, the production team would be involving marketing personnel, a production engineer, and a production supervisor. Another modification that can be adapted on the workflow to enhance its effectiveness is ensuring that each department plays only its specific tasks without interfering with other departments. The type of design used at Custom Chip is that of production workers reporting to their supervisor, the supervisor reporting to the production engineer, then production engineers reporting to production engineering manager. This design has proven to be ineffective. Hence, I recommend that is should be modified to promote accountability and effectiveness. A modification that I would recommend is the introduction of a production sight engineers who will act as production managers. The managers

Personal Reflection .. Continue (car parking) Essay

Personal Reflection .. Continue (car parking) - Essay Example We are also going to discover how what implications our different teaching strategies have on the project. We have a list with everyone names and emails . A web site has been created and we are meeting in a chat room .( Private Wiki - ESV222 Development and Change. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2009 ) I have listed the names of our time and their strong points. . My reflections on the chats show that Dylan is the team captain. He is working to get everyone to the chat room and the project completed in a timely manner. (Private Wiki - ESV222 Development and Change. ) The readings in the chat room reveal that Dylan was not planning on being the leader, however, he has the best characteristics. He created the web site and the chat room. He was very instrumental in completing the task of choosing the project. . The role of critical reflection in relation to the team project can be seen in the discussion in the chat room when we were choosing the topic of the project. Dylan listed for this idea to the group in the chat room "What to do at an intersection - Recognising street signs & road markings - Theory - reading manuals - Parking the car - Dials, Controls, Knobs, Pedals, Mirros etc - Wet and Harsh Conditions". ( Private Wiki - ESV222 Development and Change.

Effects of Derivatives in National Legislation

Effects of Derivatives in National Legislation In the case before us the United Kingdom has failed to transpose the directive into national law, resulting in a detrimental effect for both Rachel and Jose. The fact that the UK government voted against the Directive when it was adopted in the council of ministers by QMV[1] and believes that existing legislation adequately covers teacher’s rights is of no consequence if the state of the law doesn’t give effect to the directive. Initially it was envisaged that the infraction procedure as set out in Article 226[2] EC treaty would be the primary means of enforcement of community law against member states[3]. Article 226 proved itself to be ineffective; at the time lacking provisions[4] to impose penalties on member states. Article 226 is also incapable of safeguarding the rights of individuals (a compensation order cannot be made against the defaulting state in favour of the aggrieved individual)[5]. Due to the inadequacy of Article 226 in the case of Van Gend en Loos 1962[6] the principle of direct effect was born. Van Gend en Loos had had a customs duty imposed on his goods by the Dutch contrary to Article 25 breaching rules in relation to the free movement of goods. Van Gend brought proceedings against the Dutch government in the national courts claiming reimbursement of the customs duties. The Dutch court sought a preliminary ruling from the ECJ[7] who first of all considered whether treaty provisions coul d confer directly effective rights upon individuals. The ECJ held that â€Å"community law†¦ not only imposes obligations on individuals but is†¦ intended to confer†¦rights which become part of their legal heritage†¦ (arising)†¦ not only where they are expressly granted by the treaty, but also by reason of obligations which the treaty imposes in a clearly defined way upon individuals as well as upon member states†. Article 249 provides that a directive is binding as to the result to be achieved but not as to the method employed by the state[8]. The direct effect of directives was first recognised by Van Duyn v Home Office[9]. Van Duyn was a scientologist refused entry to the UK as the UK government had imposed a ban on foreign scientologists entering the UK. Van Duyn challenged the ban as falling foul of Directive 64/221/EEC which required that any ban be based on the personal conduct of an individual. The ECJ held that â€Å"it would be incompatible with the binding effect attributed to a directive by Article 249 to exclude, in principle, the possibility that the obligation which it imposes may be invoked by those concerned†¦ (particularly where a directive)†¦ has imposed on member states obligations†¦ the useful effect †¦ (of which)†¦ would be weakened if individuals were prevented from relying on it before their national courts. Another justification for direct effe ct of directives is that of estoppel[10]; it would be wrong for a member state to be able to rely on and gain advantage through their failure to implement an obligation under a directive; they are thus estopped from denying the direct effect of directives once the deadline for transposition has passed. The estoppel argument has one very important implication; as direct effect is based on the fault of the member state in failing to implement the directive it follows that parties may invoke and rely on the directive against the state only; (i.e. only vertical not horizontal direct effect). Where a directive is properly implemented individual rights flow from the implementing legislation and not the directive itself. The limit to vertical direct effect can be best illustrated by the case of Marshall[11]; â€Å"a directive may not of itself impose obligations on an individual and that a provision of a directive may not be relied upon against such a person†. An important requirement is that â€Å"it is necessary to examine in every case, whether the nature, general scheme and wording of the provision are capable of having direct effect†[12]; the provisions must be â€Å"unconditional and sufficiently precise†[13][14]. So, Rachel, working for an entity of the state (a state school) may be able to enforce her right to a break with direct effect through the English courts; the â€Å"teacher’s employment rights† directive imposes on member states obligations to ensure that teachers are afforded a 3 hour break. Clearly as the directive has not been transposed Rachel has been deprived of this right and the English judge should rule in favour of her right to a break. The directive also fulfils the Becker test; it is unconditional and sufficiently precise. Jose, ostensibly will not be able to enforce his rights through the English courts, although he is being denied his break he works for a private institution, a problem insofar as direct effect of directives is permitted only vertically (individual v the state[15]) and not horizontally (individual v individual). This two tier legal system, affording increased rights to public sector employees has come under a barrage of criticism from the judiciary and academia alike[16]. Conversely to allow horizontal direct effect would render the distinction between directives and regulations meaningless so as to be effectively one and the same[17]. Although a directive has in certain cases been used as a â€Å"shield† in a dispute between private parties to prevent provisions of conflicting national being invoked against each other[18] Jose may though be able to claim direct effect; if, although he works for a private institution it has a public function; â€Å"a body†¦ which has been made responsible†¦ for providing a public service under the control of the state†¦ is included among the bodies against which the provision of a directive capable of having direct effect may be relied on†[19]. So in the case of Jose it is a question of fact whether he may be able to rely on the directive. The concept of state liability stems from the case of Francovich[20]. The full effectiveness of community rules would be impaired and the protection of the rights granted would be weakened if individuals were unable to obtain redress when their rights are infringed by breach of community law for which a member state can be held responsible[21]; state liability for loss and damaged caused to individuals is therefore inherent in the treaty[22] In Francovich the court held that in cases where there was a failure to implement community law under Article 249 that there was a right to compensation provided (a) the result which had to be attained by the directive involved rights conferred on individuals. The directive undoubtedly confers rights (better working conditions on both Rachel and Jose) (b) the contents of the rights could be identified from the provisions of the directive (this is satisfied as the directive is clear and unambiguous as to the applicable rights) (c) there must exist a casual link between the failure by the member state to fulfill its obligations and the damage suffered by the person affected (clearly if Rachel and Jose are dismissed because they refuse to work without the break provided for in the directive then there is a casual link). On the face of it Rachel (and Jose) would be able to bring an action for damages against the British government. It is for the national courts†¦ to ensure legal pro tection which persons derive from community law[23][24]. In anycase in the case of Jose, if he is not able to enforce his rights directly (and a complaint to the commission is a lengthy process-see below) industrial action by his trade union could be an attractive alternative. Article 226 plays the leading role in the â€Å"centralised enforcement† of EU law (as opposed to direct effect for instance at the national level)[25]. 226 provides that â€Å"if the commission considers that a member state has failed to fulfil an obligation under this treaty, it shall deliver a reasoned opinion on the matter after giving the state concerned the opportunity to submit its observations†¦ if the state concerned does not comply with the opinion within the period laid down by the Commission, the latter may bring the matter before the court of justice†. In addition Article 227 provides that a â€Å"memberstate which considers that another member state has failed to fulfil an obligation under the treaty may bring the matter before the Court of Justice†. The use of Article 227 has been rare though, member states preferring to leave it to the commission to take action under Article 226[26]. The infrequent use of Article 227[27] can best be attribute d to politics, especially with the increased use of QMV making it even more imperative to maintain good relations with fellow member states[28]. Also in the case before us the failure to implement correct break times for teachers lecturers in the UK is probably not of much concern to the Spanish government!! Returning to article 226 the procedure compromises two elements; the administrative stage and the judicial stage. The Commission, upon being notified of the member states infringement by a member state or a individual initiates matters with an informal letter to the member state government outlining the reasons upon which it suspects and infringement. The member state government is then invited to reply and to submit further information. This is then followed by a formal request to the member state to submit its observations (the letter of notice). Ideally the commission and the member state will negotiate an agreement by this stage, especially if it is the case that the member state is genuinely unaware of the infringement or is simply buying time before implementing the directive. In the UK as there is a chronic shortage of teachers the implementation may well have far reaching applications, for this reason the UK may well call commissions bluff and refrain from implementing the directive for a period of time. Only if no agreement is reached in the early stage will the commission deliver its reasoned opinion. Then only if the infringement continues will the commission move from the administrative phase to the judicial phase. It is of note that only a minority of cases will reach the judicial phase, in 2002 approximately ten percent and in 2003 approximately thirteen percent[29]. It is worth noting that the Commission is under no obligation to take action with regards to Article 226. If the member state takes no heed of the reasoned opinion then the Commission may begin the judicial stage but there is no time limit that the commission must adhere to in doing so[30]. Once the ECJ has judged against the member state failure to observe the terms of that judgment will constitute a breach of Article 228(1). The state may be required to remedy, introduce or revoke national law to comply with the courts judgment. If the state continues to be in breach of the judgment then the commission may invoke fresh proceedings under Article 228(2). The three administrative stages of Article 226 will then apply. If the commission decides to progress to the judicial stage then the commission will recommend a lump sum and or penalty payment[31] to be imposed against the defaulting member state (although I issue the caveat that this is only a recommendation to the court and there is no upper limit on the amount that may be fined). The Court of justice has consistently imposed fines on member states in Art 228(2) proceedings. In the case of Commission v Hellenic Republic[32] the ECJ held that although Article 228(2) did not specify the period in which the judgment had to be complied with the importance of immediate and uniform application of community law meant that the process of compliance had to be initiated at once and completed as soon as possible[33]. The process of Article 228(2) is a very long and drawn out one, with many cases taking a decade or more. Given that several years or more may elapse between the initial complaint to the commission and the hearing before the court of justice, the commission, in circumstances where continuing damage is being caused while the case is processed may well apply to the court for interim relief. The court may apply interim relief under Art 243; â€Å"the court of Justice may in any cases before it prescribe any necessary interim measures†. In the present scenario the issue of interim relief is, seemingly academic as they have not yet been sacked, instead I mention it to try and give a broader view of the area. In summation the commissions actions under Art 226 (or in the unlikely case of a state art 227 actions) are long, drawn out processes and will be of little use to Rachel and Jose who will have long moved on before their protests come to fruition. Bibliography: Chalmers, D. Hadjiemmanuil, C. Monti, G. Tomkins, A. (2006) European Union Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Craig, P. Directives: Direct effect, Indirect effect and the construction of national legislation. E.L. Rev. 1997, 22(6), 519-538 Fairhurst, J. (2005). Law of the European Union. Harlow: Pearson Longman. Harden, I. What future for the Centralised enforcement of community law? (2002) 55 CLP 495 Harlow, C. Rawlings, R. Accountability and law enforcement: The centralised EU infringement procedure. E.L. Rev. 2006, 31(4), 447-475 Meltzer, D. Member state liability in Europe and The United States. 2006 Jan 4 Int’l J. const. L. 39 Pachnou, D. Direct and Indirect effect of directives and state liability: their applicability in relation to procurement remedies. P.P.L.R. 2000, 5, 251-260 Weatherill, S. Breach of Directives and Breach of contract. (2001) 26 European Law review 177-183 Footnotes [1] Qualified Majority Voting [2] Formerly article 169 [3] Chalmers, Hadjiemmanuil, Monti and Tomkins, 2006, p365 [4] Subsequently amended by the TEU Article 228(2) [5] Fairhurst, 2006, p234 [6] Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen Case 26/62 IN RELATION TO A TREATY ARTICLE [7] European Court of Justice [8] A directive is addressed to the state and NOT its citizens, As opposed to regulations (addressed to its citizens) which are binding as to both the method of implementation and the result to be achieved. [9] Case 41/74 [10] First employed in Ratti Case 14878 [11] Marshall v Southampton and SW Hampshire Area Health Authority (1986) Case 152/84 at Para 48 [12] Van Duyn v Home Office. Case 41-74 at Para 12 [13] Ursula Becker v Finanzamt Mà ¼nster-Innenstadt. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Finanzgericht Mà ¼nster Germany. Direct effect of directives. Case 8/1981 at Para 25 [14] See also Craig, 1997, 522 [15] See Faccini Dori v Recreb Case 91/92 [16] See for instance Case 316/93 Vaneetveld v Le Foyer and Faccini Dori v Recreb Case 91/92 [17] See Faccini Dori v Recreb Case 91/92 at Para 24 [18] Weatherill, 2001, p177 [19] Foster v British Gas Case 188/89 [20] Joined cases C-6 and 9/90 Francovich and Bonafici v Italy [21] Ibid at Para 33 [22] Ibid at Para 34 [23] R v Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame Ltd Case 218/89 [24] Meltzer, 2006, 59 [25] Harden, 495, 2002 [26] Harlow and Rawlings, 2006, 451 [27] As yet on only two occasions see Case 141/178 France v United Kingdom and Case 388/95 Belgium v Spain [28] Chalmers, Hadjiemmanuil, Monti and Tomkins, 2006, p349 [29] European Commision 21st Annual report on the application of Community law, COM (2004) 839 [30] See the 6 year wait in Commision v Germany Case 422/92 [31] See Case 304/02 [32] Case 387/97 [33] Pachnou, 2000, 256

Folly of Science Exposed in Shelley’s Frankenstein and E.T.A. Hoffman’s

Folly of Science Exposed in Shelley’s Frankenstein and E.T.A. Hoffman’s Sandman In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and E.T.A. Hoffman’s Sandman, elements of science are portrayed in a negative light, warning the reader of the dangers of the unknown. Many aspects of science and technology are portrayed from alchemy and robotics in the Sandman to biology and chemistry in Frankenstein. The stories feature similar main characters that break the boundaries of conventional society in order to investigate their desires. Each story features a "living doll", or a creation of man that, while first made for good, results in evil. When we read The Sandman, we are left in doubt as to whether what is happening to Nathaniel is real or merely in his mind. For instance, when Hoffmann introduces Olympia, he does not mention whether she is a human being or a doll; and he does so in such a way the reader may not immediately realize this. We take for granted that Olympia is a real person, because we expect Nathaniel to know the difference. During the course of the story, the Sandman as Copp...

Civil Rights – Naacp

The iris case was not a success because the supreme court agreed with the board, but the second case In 1953, came to the agreement that segregation was wrong on the grounds that separating black students from others that are the same age and Intelligence as them because of their race, â€Å"generates a feeling of Inferiority†¦ That may affect their hearts and minds In a way unlikely ever to be undone,† (Chief Justice Earl Warren). This was a major success for the NAACP although Implementing the new ruling proved to be more difficult because the federal government did not force he state governments to apply them to their cities.This ruling did change some districts but most did not comply. Many schools and school districts were closed because the cities would have rather close them than integrate. Also because of President Eisenhower lack of support, the ruling was never enforced therefore making the ruling pointless. Similar problems occurred with other rulings and acts such as the Civil Rights Act of 1957 which attempted to end voter discrimination, but ended up being a useless law because of the loopholes left by the federal overspent.The only few times where the NAACP changes of the law actually worked such as the case about the arrest of Rosa Parks for refusing to give up her bus seat, and that was only because of the non-violent movement that got the publics attention and more involvement in the issue. The other legal successes for the black community such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which made it so African Americans could vote without being taxed, given impossible tasks, or being intimidated by racists groups; this time not leaving loopholes.This act along with there beneficial acts such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 were mostly due to the many marches, movements, and riots that demanded change and the assassination of JEFF which happened right after he publicly announced that he was for the rights of African Americans by trying to put through the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Because this was one of the last things that JEFF was remembered for, LB had to live up the citizen's expectations for him to do the same as JEFF so that he would not have died In vain.In addition, the groups AIM and CLC participated in the Civil Rights Movements. In the event of Birmingham In 1963 lead by CLC was a major focus for the call rights activists. This event resulted In church bombings as the group CLC and other protesters marched for their rights and this movement later turned Into massive violence from the white society. As a continuation of Birmingham, James Bevel gave Dry. King the Idea to use children for marches arrested, and Jailed and more chaos prevailed.In (Source E) It displays a photograph from the event of the Birmingham Marches during the time period of 1963. It shows he violence and a African American male was being attacked by the local police with police dogs. This eve nt was somewhat successful at the end because stores were desegregated and some other public places. In the event of the Meredith March in 1966, Its main purpose was to protest against racism and other civil rights activists, including Dry. King and his group AIM, CLC, along with SYNC continued this march to protest for their civil rights in 1966.The start of this march was from James Meredith attending the University of Mississippi and was rejected his acceptance from the allege because of his race which was African American and James Meredith filed a complaint to the Court systems and the court ruled that the University of Mississippi was managing a policy of segregation. In the duration of this Many race riots broke out in the result of this setting. There was not only violence against the African Americans but there was violence against the U.S Marshals who were helping the African Americans. Referring back to the James Meredith march â€Å"March against Fear† the African Americans faced violence as well as when they were registering to vote. In he March James Meredith was shot and the Civil Rights activists Dry. King and Carmichael decided to finish the march on Meredith behalf. Therefore, this event was somewhat successful because it allowed the U. S to pay attention to the African Americans although it was not particularly in the way that King and other civil rights activists wanted to.The civil rights organizations the CORE and SYNC both proved to be vitally important during the civil rights movement. They often times worked in conjunction in order to work toward racial equality. Their first major movement was he Sit Ins in 1960 where college students refused to leave diners until served. The next thing was the Freedom Rides in 1961 in which black students tried to ride across in order to test the laws banning racial segregation on international buses.This effort was a failure in that there was extreme violence against the riders. â€Å"The rac ist mob had attacked with iron bars, and even bombs. Passengers escaped right before the bus burst into flames and it wasn't until policemen shot into the air that the mob dispersed† (Source A). After the Freedom Rides SYNC turned its attention to the Albany movement (1962) in which students tried to desegregate the entire public sector of the city. It failed because the police never got violent, and after CLC Joined they didn't allow King to stay in Jail.Malcolm X an influential leader of black Muslims used these types of instances to Justify the idea that â€Å"There's no such thing as a nonviolent revolution and that the revolution is based on concepts of property, independence, freedom, Justice and equality' (Source D). In 1994 SYNC attempted a new movement called Freedom Summer in which northern white students attempted o get blacks to register to vote. The southern states viewed it as â€Å"a planned invasion in which Northern students are causing problems under the pr etext of bringing Freedom† (Source B).The huge difference between the northern mentality of equality to all verses the southern mentality of white and better than blacks and stay out of our business led to a horrifically violent summer. The very next year SYNC went to Selma, Alabama in order to register voters, but the police had a violent response. During a speech at Howard Lyndon Johnson said â€Å"The words â€Å"Give me overcome discrimination I will sent to Congress a law designed to eliminate illegal barriers. (Source F).

Cyclones essays

Cyclones essays Natural disasters can happen at whichever time and at any place. Cyclones happen rarely in the southern hemisphere but when it happens it can kill thousands of people and demolish lots of buildings and properties. Cyclones are fierce whirling winds that can cause a lot of destruction. A cyclone can be so huge that it can cover over half of the United States. It can happen in the time of a few seconds to possibly 1 to 10minutes. A special extreme kind of cyclone that is only 300 yards (274 meters) across is a tornado. All cyclones have an eye. The eye is the center of the cyclone and is the only calm spot. The cyclones winds always spiral towards the eye, counterclockwise or anticlockwise. Cyclones move at speed between 240 to 1, 200 miles per hour or 386 to 1, 930 kilometers a day. Cyclone Tracy was the worst disaster that ever occurred in the Northern territory. On the 24th December 1974 disaster struck. Cyclone Tracy struck unexpectedly on Christmas Eve. It killed 65 people altogether, 49 died from being squashed by objects flying about and another 16 people were drowned at sea while trying to get away. Cyclone Tracy caused over 150 million dollars worth of damage and up to 90% of the town was destroyed. The wind speed was 217km/h. 25000 people were evacuated, as there was a hazard of diseases because the sewage pipes were broken. seven out of ten houses were destroyed or brutally damaged. After Cyclone Tracy had passed people helped to rebuild their town. That is why people still remember the terrors of that Christmas Eve. ...

roadless initiative essays

roadless initiative essays In 1978, the United States Forest Service (USFS) began the management of roadless areas, i.e., all areas greater than 5,000 acres and without constructed roads, in a study called Roadless Area Review and Evaluation II (RARE II). The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of these roadless areas for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System. On October 13, 1999, twenty-one years later, President Clinton directed the Forest Service to provide long-term protection to inventoried roadless areas, as well as smaller roadless areas not yet inventoried. President Clinton's primary motives in initiating this direction were to reduce the $8.4 billion backlog of road maintenance costs as well as provide a definitive statement on how inventoried roadless areas would be managed in the future. The USFS developed a plan for future management of all roadless areas known as the Final Roadless Area Conservation Rule (Roadless Rule) and released it on January 5, 2001. The Roadless Rule, scheduled to become federal policy on May 12, 2001, will have significant environmental, economical, and social impacts on 58 million acres of public land. One of the major effects of the Roadless Rule is the impact it will have on the nation's timber supply. Because road construction and timber harvesting will be prohibited on 58.5 million acres of National Forest lands, approximately 30% of all National Forest System (NFS) lands (USDA Summary S-1) under the Roadless Rule, this prohibition will result in an annual loss of 140 million board feet (USDA FEIS 2-26). Although twenty-one states will be affected, the majority of the losses will occur in the states of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Utah. In fact, Alaska alone will lose 76.6 million board feet of timber annually (USDA FEIS B-5). The current timber program in Alaska averages 179 million board feet annually. The problem with a reduction in timber volume is that future timber...

Cisco Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cisco Systems - Essay Example Organization of interest Cisco faces unique opportunities to market itself as an agent of change, because the company re-engineered its IT infrastructure in both back office and front office applications, for the worker as well as for the customer. Change is often seen as positive by consumers in an economic crisis or bad situation. Back end and front end changes are visible in the company. The company used Microsoft and other programs, and in creating change went towards an open unitary architecture. Cisco’s financial success led the company to spend $100B, which the company put into IT changes which were generally successful. Much of the extant information available about successful IT companies like Cisco is biased towards the company as a strong leader, innovator, and survivor of the dot-com bubble, but there is still little mention of employee dissatisfaction on a mass scale that is organized, and this is another indicator that solutions based on customer attenuation are preferable in this enviro nment. One of the reasons for this could be that IT companies like Cisco tend to be very selective in accepting employees, hiring in many cases only about five percent of applicants. Another solution for proposal could be the company’s employee-centered human resources strategies, which can be integrated with the aforementioned focus on dynamism.

Penal policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Penal policy - Essay Example , they are charged for their food, water, bedding and other daily necessities based on a scale in accordance with their social standing which was used instead of their financial capacity (Faucult 1997, p 97). A variety of forms of this system which can be seen as an early and bad example of the user pays principle continued in England until the 1780s, when prisoners began to be sent to Australia (Faucult 1997, p. 98). The financial exploitation of prisoners was regular in France and the United States (US) all through much of the nineteenth century, but was significantly extended in the southern states of the US in response to the severe labor scarcity following the Civil War. In the US, convicts were either forced to work under state supervision on railroad construction, mining, lumbering and other areas where free labor was in short supply, or were subleased by the state to entrepreneurs who used them, fundamentally as slaves, on cotton plantations and in factories. Next to the United States is Australia when it comes to the participation to the era of privatization. The National Party government of Queensland decided to start the operation of the new prison located at Borallon, near Brisbane, controlled by a private company under a management contract. The current Labor government confirmed its decision immediately after coming to power and ever since placed its new remand and reception centre at Wacol, a Brisbane suburb, under private management. New South Wales is the only other Australian State to date to adopt prison privatization. The NSW Liberal Party Government has entered into contract with a private firm for the design, construction and management of a maximum security prison at Junee, which is scheduled to become operational in March 1993 (Logan 1997, p. 112). A private prison is an institution that is managed by a nongovernment entity on behalf of the state. Logan (1997, p. 113) defined it as a place of confinement management by a private company

Write the difintion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write the difintion - Essay Example It involves a close participation of diverse stakeholders who works as a team, hence simplification of the complex task. The team may encompass teachers, students, specialists from different subjects and syllabus coordinators. The team contributes to improvement of technical expertise and know how to achieve the curriculum goals and objectives. Primarily, it is a coherent and sustainable method of curriculum development. Formative evaluation takes place during the delivery of a certain course content. Teachers carry out a formative evaluation in order to determine how much students know and be able to modify the instructional methods. Formative evaluation highlights the aspects that need emphasis, as well as the weaknesses and the strengths of students. Furthermore, the curriculum formative evaluation does monitor and evaluate the deficiencies present in any current curriculum for the sake of future improvement. Summative evaluation occurs at the end of a course. Teachers use summative assessment in determining whether the course objectives have been achieved. They focus on the learning outcomes exhibited by students. Summative evaluation may be in the form of the final project or end of semester exams. The approach is also useful in curriculum development, via use of questionnaires, testing or observations to test the usefulness of the

Watch Jack Neos Homerun Essay Example for Free

Watch Jack Neos Homerun Essay These two shows are very Singaporean. By this I mean that they contain many elements which are unique to my country, elements which only within the paradigm of our society will resonate with local viewers. Homerun, an Asian remake of the internationally acclaimed Iranian movie Children of Heaven is a movie directed by Jack Neo, who is a local celebrity best known for his comedic prowess and the many comedy shows under his name. Police and Thief is a relatively new weekly half-hour sitcom shown on Channel 5 which has yet to set a foothold in the heart of local audiences. These locally produced shows use, essentially different techniques in many areas to present the story to us while making use of our experiences as Singaporeans to help us understand and appreciate the shows from their story/plot to the surprises and nuances contained within. I will proceed to show you how the techniques used are also more different than similar. A distinction between the two shows is the element of narration. Cause and effect is employed to effectively present the story or stories in the shows. It is not uncommon to find secondary stories in an episode of a situation comedy or sitcom. These are often inserted into the plot and often come together in conclusion at the end of the episode. In Police and Thief, the show starts off on this episode with Lee Tok Kong the main character of the show wanting to get under the blanket with his wife and due to common reasons of tiredness and falling asleep quickly, has his pleas ignored. This scene is related to how Tok Kong later reacts to the wiles of a less than archetypical femme fatale. There is another story inserted in between, which shows how the neighbours sons, Rudy and Rafi having an unspoken conflict over a common love interest. This plot development has no explicit and implicit impact on the main story mentioned earlier. It almost feels like tokenism has taken place, either to fill up the half hour of screen time or to give emphasis to the other characters in the sitcom. In Homerun, it is quickly established that poverty leads to a lack of options and hence with the losing of shoes early into the movie, we see the main cause in the show that explains later effects. The show revolves around how the main characters are thwarted at every attempt to obtain a new pair of shoes or retrieve the old pair. We do not see scenes that have no relation to any other. In fact the entire narration of Homerun is about a search for a cause-shoes. Both the shows have different range of stories. There is less suspense buildup in Police and Thief and this is probably due to restricted narration where both the audience and the characters in the show know the same information at relatively equal times. The only example of unrestricted narration in the recent episode was when Rudy cheated on his promise to his brother Rafi behind his back to get a chance to go out with the girl, Cecilia, they both like. Rafi only found it out in another scene when Cecilia whom similarly does not know of the conflict called their home. In this case, we know more than several characters in the show at a particular time. In Homerun, during the opening sequence of Chew Kiat Kun running errands for his family, it is quickly established that a rag-and-bone man had taken away the pair of shoes which Kiat Kun had put down. Kiat Kun has no idea how the shoes had mysteriously disappeared and hence his sister Seow Fang too. In this scene alone, a beautiful play on camera angle suffices to keep us in suspense till much later in the show. This seemingly passing top down close up scene of the gnarled hands removing the shoes helps to tug hard at our heart strings when we later realize the rag-and-bone man is blind. The above is a good example of how both restricted and unrestricted narration can be developed from one scene. We know who had taken away the shoes (unrestricted narration) but like the characters in the show we have no idea he was blind (restricted narration). These two shows belong to the 2 commonest genres in Singapore. Police and Thief can be classified as belonging to the HDB genre. In fact this plot of this particular sitcom revolves around the conflict faced by two men who live in close proximity. It has an appeal particular to local viewers who are able to appreciate the familiar settings. One example which we can relate to is the scene of Lily, Tok Kongs wife who repeats a punch line in a scene where her face is framed in the center of our common older HDB window panes. It is common to see neighbours walking and talking from the same angle for those who have lived in HDB flats. Homerun is a social commentary and even as it is based in 1965, the year Singapore became independent, it reflects on socio-political situations which were prevalent during the time of filming i. e. the water issue between Malaysia and Singapore. Another genre which is mixed into both these shows is the coffee shop genre, featuring many scenes of meeting and interactions at local coffee shops. We see this in Police and Thief where Tok Kong was being interviewed by a lady near the beginning of the show and in Homerun, Kiat Kun helps out his teacher from school who is close to collapsing from shortness of breath at a roadside coffee shop. There is obvious stereotyping in Police and Thief. Tok Kong is your typical gangster or Ah Beng in colloquial terms. He has wild, pointy gelled hair and wears colourful clothing, even for sleeping attire (Opening scenes). His heavily accented Singapore Colloquial English (SCE) (Dont play with my heart) and his love for techno music scream Ah Beng. He is put in direct contrast with his neighbour and antagonist in the show Sergeant Dollah who is a policeman. Dollah is characterized with short hair, very neat and righteous. These stereotypes alone set the premise for tension and conflict as neighbours. It is akin to Phua Chu Kang versus his sister-in-law Margaret. The stereotypes in Homerun broadly differentiate the rich and the poor. A simple comparison can be made between Beng Soon and Kiat Kun, friends of opposite ends of the economic spectrum whose relationship sours then mends in the course of the show. Beng Soon is cast in shirts, clean with well-gelled hair (in school) and stands at a good head taller than Kiat Kun. His friend however is almost always dirty, with smudges on his singlet and/or face. Even during a game of soccer, Beng Soon provides the soccer boots and he is the only one on the field with soccer socks. Tok Kong as the gangster also becomes an icon easily associated with local shows of similar genres. There is no obvious icon in Homerun. It uses a motif rather, to play out the story. There were multiple scenes of close ups of your Bata white or dirty shoes (in the shops or in the background with Seow Fangs face in the focus). Many scenes of tension started because of shoes e. g.the shoes slipping off and into a canal full of rushing water and even in the scene where Seow Fangs teacher paces as the children are exercising). These scenes feature changes in music, close ups with dialogue in the background, all to draw attention to the motif in the show. During the scene at the well with the confrontation between the two groups of boys, we see wealth being equated with power, that Beng Soon who was the rich one could actually decide who got to use the well. This is perhaps the directors ideology portraying the way Malaysia hordes over us in the water issue. The premise of Homerun revolved around three things: shoes, intelligence and power being associated with wealth. Jack Neo parodies the socio-political situation between Singapore and Malaysia using the three elements with shoes being the water, Singapore being the more intelligent country and power that Malaysia holds over us due to their superior water resource. The two shows end differently too. The end of the sitcom is close without answered questions while the cryptic ending of Homerun leaves us pondering what the director would have us think as we leave the cinema. There is no element of suspense left in Police and Thief to entice the audience to look out for the next episode, unlike a soap opera. Even as both shows make use of our experience to enhance our appreciation and understanding of the shows, they obviously use several different techniques and some similar ones to bring forth the essence of each individual story. These different methods highlight certain elements essential to the plot of the stories and ultimately help us to enjoy the shows as Singaporeans. Word Count: 1512.

DNA, Genes and chromosomes

DNA, Genes and chromosomes Introduction Assignment two will firstly explain about DNA, genes and chromosomes. It will then evaluate some pre- disposed genetic factors that affect normal human functioning and look a range of different diseases. It will then evaluate pre-disposed environmental factors that may also affect normal human functioning and discuss another range of diseases. Genetic information is contained in nucleic acids, which are the molecules that hold the information. All living cells and viruses contain information and there are two types of nucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the self replicating genetic material in living cells and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The structure of DNA was worked out by Watson and Crick in the 1950s. Nucleic acids are made of units called nucleotides and an individual nucleotide is in three parts which combine by condensation reactions. These are phosphoric acid, pentose sugar, which in DNA is deoxyribose and in RNA ribose and there is an organic base comprising of five and divided into two groups. The DNA is a double stranded polymer of nucleotides (polynucleotide) comprising of many million nucleotide units. Its structure is in the form of double helix which is maintained by hydrogen bonding and it contains four organ bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. A gene is the unit of heredity, comprising of a length of DNA that influences an organisms form and function. The protein produced when a gene is expressed produces a characteristic and each gene occupies its own position on the chromosome called the locus. Different forms of the same genes are called allele and there may be different alleles of the same gene with slightly different DNA structure. The chromosome is one long coiled DNA molecule which has genes dotted along its length. The genetic material of each cell is packaged together in the nucleus as chromosomes and each one of these contains very long DNA molecules. The human body has 46 chromosomes and in each body cell the chromosomes are in pairs, called homologous and a full set of chromosomes is called the karotype. Chromosomes make copies of each other so that when they divide, each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the genetic information. This is called replication and results in two DNA molecules. The Human Genome Project started in 1990 and it was a huge task to determine the order of bases in the human genome as well as identifying all the genes formed by the bases. Its other aims were to find the location of the genes on the 23 chromosomes and store the information on a data base. The purpose of collating the information was for scientists to know which sections of DNA, on which chromosomes are responsible for many inherited diseases. The main uses of genetic testing are in carrier screening, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, new born baby screening, and for prediction testing of onset disorders such as Huntington disease, onset cancers and Alzheimers disease. Using a sample of DNA it is possible to find out whether a person is carrying a faulty gene which causes a disease such as cystic fibrosis, or to identify genes that play a contributory role in diseases such as breast cancer. From results it is possible to eliminate all risk of the disease by correcting the faulty a llele. Sexual reproduction produces genetic variation amongst individuals in a population. Mitosis is when cell division takes place and it results in growth or repair of body tissues which is not to be confused with Meiosis which is the cell division that produces gametes (sex cells). In mitosis, one cell divides into two identical cells and in meiosis one cell divides into four daughter cells that a genetically unique. A species must change to its environment if it is to survive and the genotype of an organism gives it the potential to show a particular characteristic. Characteristics that are determined by a number of genes are called continuous variation such a height and characteristics that are clear cut are by a single gene are called discontinuous variation. The origins of variation are either non-inheritable or heritable. The environment has a huge role in determining phenotypic variation and factors in humans can include diet and exercise. Heritable variations are when an organism, for example, inherits genes which will determine its eventual size, although this can depend on nutritional influences. Monohybrid inheritance is when a characteristic controlled by a single gene is passed on from one generation to another. Examples of genetic diseases that are passed on in this way are Huntingtons disease and cystic fibrosis. The gene can be either dominant or recessive. Huntingdons disease is due to a mutation in a single gene that occurs on chromosome 4. Every cell nucleus has two copies on the gene and the codes for the protein are Huntingdin. People who develop the disease carry a mutation in one of copy of the Huntingdin gene. Huntingdin is concentrated in areas of the brain and that degeneration of the gene is called Huntingdons disease. Huntingdons disease is rare but another more common disease is cystic fibrosis which is caused by a recessive allele. To inherit the disease both parents have to be carriers of the defective alleles. In the UK one person in 2000 suffers from this condition and people that develop the disease produce a thick sticky mucus from the epithelial cells lining some passages in the body. The pancreatic duct can become blocked so food digestion can not complete and the bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs can become blocked. The normal allele of the cystic fibrosis gene makes an important protein called CFTR. Normally CFTR will transport chloride ions through the plasma membrane, however, the mutated allele causes production of a channel protein that does not transport the ions so the person who is homozygous suffers from cystic fibrosis. The full amount of alleles and their combination a person has is called their genotype and some of these are recessive and some dominant. The effect that these alleles have is called the phenotype. Different alleles of a gene do not have to be recessive or dominant and if two alleles both produce a protein that can function then the alleles can be codominant. An example of a disease that is codominance is Sickle cell anaemia, where a mutant allele of a normal haemoglobin gene causes one amino acid in the two beta polypeptide chains to be different. The shape of the molecule is altered and the red blood cells can be crescent or sickle shaped. These can be easily damaged and the number of working cells decreases the amount of oxygen going to the tissues. The heart works harder and the defective cells join together making the blood sticky. This can result in many side effects including kidney failure, heart attack and strokes. The spleen is over burdened and can stop its ability to remo ve bacteria from the blood so infections can be common. Another type of faulty cell division is called non disjunction where the daughter cell receives two copies of a chromosome and the other gets none. This can result in the condition called Downs syndrome where chromosome 21 is affected. The genetic condition is known as trisomy, where a person inherits an extra copy of one chromosome. People with the syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21 rather than two and this additional genetic material affects the balance of the body and results in characteristic physical and intellectual features. Many people have alleles of genes which can make them much more susceptible to certain diseases. The disease may only develop if the person become in contact with something in the environment such as a chemical. An example of this would be lung cancer as some smokers die from cancer in middle age, while others carry on well into old age without being affected. The expression of genes can also be affected by environmental factors such as diet, disease and temperature during development. Mutagenic agents can cause gene mutations in tissues which then grow abnormally. There much scientific disagreement about a persons intelligence as is it determined by genes or by the environment that they grow up in. Asthma is a condition that tends to run in families that are prone to allergies. Although there are many factors that cause and influence asthma there is no single gene that is involved, although scientists are searching for the gene involved which may lead to a cure. The condition affects the bronchioles that carry air in and out the lungs which become swollen or narrowed and excess mucus is produced. It is a chronic condition and symptoms are wheezing, shortness of breath and a tight feeling in the chest. There are environmental factors which increase the risk of the disease such as being brought up in a house that has a pet, exposure to cigarette smoke in the uterus or in early life, air pollution and being born at the time of year when pollen is at is highest. Coronary heart disease is a condition in which genetics and environmental factors determine which humans get the disease. The disease is caused by a blockage of the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart. In a healthy heart the walls are smooth and the blood flows easily, but the disease develops when material blocks the walls of the arteries causing narrowing of the vessels and possibly a complete blockage. This can lead to a wide range of cardiac problems including angina. The disease often occurs within the same family which can indicate that there maybe genetic link between people with the condition. It is difficult to establish if there is a direct correlation between family members due to genes or whether it is the environmental factors which they all are exposed to. Some of the main environmental factors that increase the risk of developing the disease are smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, unhealthy diet, mental stress, alcohol and coffee. It has been proved that genetic factors have an influence on cholesterol levels, but overall, it seems that a combination of genetics and the environment would best explain the family link to heart disease.